Find and interpret the required information

When researching reputable information for animal care, it's essential to rely on trusted, evidence-based sources. Here are some strategies to guide your research effectively:

1. Use Peer-Reviewed Journals and Veterinary Publications Peer-reviewed journals: Look for journals like the Journal of Veterinary Science, Journal of Animal Science, and Australian Veterinary Journal. These contain high-quality studies reviewed by experts in the field. Veterinary associations: Organizations like the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) or the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) publish updated research, standards, and guidelines.

2. Seek Government and Educational Resources Government websites: In Australia, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and Biosecurity Queensland provide reliable, up-to-date information on animal welfare, diseases, and care practices. University veterinary programs: Institutions such as the University of Sydney or Murdoch University offer veterinary science programs and often publish animal care research.

3. Animal Welfare Organisations Reputable welfare organisations: Groups like RSPCA Australia, World Animal Protection, and the Australian Animal Welfare Strategy are credible sources for animal welfare standards, health practices, and legal requirements in Australia. Species-specific organisations: Look for specialized organizations (e.g., Turtle Conservancy for Turtles or The Wildlife Society for Wildlife). They focus on conservation, species-specific welfare, and care guidelines.

4. Industry Standards and Guidelines Codes of Practice: Australia has Model Codes of Practice for the Welfare of Animals, detailing care requirements for various species, which can be useful in understanding legal care standards. Animal Care Courses and Certifications: Accredited courses, like Certificate II in Animal Care, are based on industry-standard information and can be a reliable resource.

5. Attend Conferences and Webinars Conferences hosted by organizations like the AVA or the Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists (ANZCVS) are excellent for the latest animal care practices. Look for online access to recordings or notes if attending in person is difficult.

6. Cross-Reference with Multiple Sources Cross-checking information: Even reputable sources may vary in specifics. By checking multiple sources, especially for medical information or species care guidelines, you ensure comprehensive and accurate understanding.

  

When looking for reputable sources online, there are specific techniques you can use to ensure you're accessing high-quality, accurate information. Here's a breakdown of helpful strategies:

1. Identify Authoritative Domains	Look for websites with credible domains like .gov, .edu, and .org, which are often government, educational, or nonprofit sites and usually provide reputable, well-researched information. In Australia, government sites like australia.gov.au or state-specific agricultural and animal welfare sites (e.g., agriculture.vic.gov.au for Victoria) offer reliable, location-specific animal care resources.
2. Use Specialised Databases	Academic databases: Sites like Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate offer peer-reviewed articles on animal science and veterinary studies. These are excellent sources of up-to-date research and are generally free from commercial bias. Library databases: Many public or university libraries offer access to databases such as JSTOR, Wiley Online Library, and ScienceDirect, which include comprehensive resources in animal science and care.
3. Look for Cited and Referenced Sources	Quality information is often supported by citations from other reliable sources. In academic articles and professional websites, check for references to peer-reviewed studies, official guidelines, or reputable research groups. Cross-reference citations to verify the original study or source, especially when dealing with medical or welfare information in animal care.
4. Evaluate the Author's Credentials	Check the author's background: Reliable sources are often written by individuals with qualifications in veterinary science, zoology, or animal welfare. Look for bios that list relevant education or professional experience. Look up the author's publications: Researchers and professionals often have multiple published works, so checking their other contributions can help validate their expertise.
5. Check Publication Dates	Prioritize recent information in fast-evolving fields like veterinary medicine and animal care. Look for publication dates or "last updated" tags on articles to ensure the content reflects current standards and practices.
6. Verify with Reputable Animal Welfare Organisations	Cross-check with trusted organisations like RSPCA Australia, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), or the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). These organizations publish scientifically-backed information on animal health, welfare, and care techniques. Use their sites to validate any unfamiliar information found on other platforms, especially if it seems biased or unverified.
7. Utilize Advanced Search Techniques	Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) in search engines to filter results and get more targeted information (e.g., "animal care AND Australia NOT pets"). Use site-specific searches to limit results to trusted sites (e.g., "animal care site:.gov.au" to search within Australian government sites).
8. Seek Peer Reviews and Community Feedback	Check if the resource or article has peer reviews or is referenced by reputable sites. For example, Google Scholar shows how often articles are cited, indicating their influence and reliability. In community-driven platforms (like ResearchGate), researchers often engage with readers to clarify methods or findings, which can help validate the information.
9. Be Aware of Potential Bias	Evaluate the purpose of the website: Websites that sell products or services may have biased information. Consider the organization's mission and check for affiliations that may influence content. Avoid heavily opinion-based or unverified blogs; instead, look for objective, data-backed articles, especially when dealing with care techniques, health, or welfare standards.

Below are some examples of scenarios where you may need to conduct research. 

Scenario	Problem	Steps to take
1. Dog: Determining Safe Pain Medication for an Older Dog with Arthritis	Problem: The vet assistant needs to find a safe anti-inflammatory medication for an elderly dog with arthritis.	Steps: Search PubMed or Veterinary Journal for articles on NSAIDs for dogs. Review information on the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) or American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) sites for updated guidelines. Consult the latest AVA clinical guidelines on geriatric dog care for specific medication recommendations.
2. Cat: Appropriate Diet for a Cat with Kidney Disease	Problem: A senior cat with kidney disease needs a tailored diet plan.	Steps: Look up research on ScienceDirect or Google Scholar for dietary management of feline kidney disease. Check Royal Canin and Hill's Pet Nutrition websites, which often publish nutritional data approved by veterinarians. Consult with the Feline Kidney Disease Association for additional insights and case studies.
3. Rabbit: Handling and Transporting an Injured Rabbit	Problem: The vet assistant is unsure about safe transport for a rabbit with a leg injury.	Steps: Search RSPCA Australia for rabbit handling and transport guidelines. Refer to the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) for best practices in handling injured rabbits. Look up peer-reviewed veterinary manuals that cover small animal care and handling.
4. Sheep: Vaccination Schedule for a Small Flock of Sheep	Problem: A new client wants to know the best vaccination schedule for their flock.	Steps: Search the Department of Primary Industries for sheep vaccination guidelines in Australia. Consult the Australian Wool Innovation website, which publishes best practices for sheep health. Refer to the Merck Veterinary Manual for vaccination schedules based on age and exposure risk.
5. Cow: Identifying Causes of Weight Loss in Dairy Cattle	Problem: A farmer reports unexplained weight loss in their dairy cattle.	Steps: Search Google Scholar for articles on metabolic diseases in dairy cows. Check the Dairy Australia website for disease management information. Use Biosecurity Queensland resources for cattle disease prevention and management.
6. Horse: Understanding Signs of Equine Colic	Problem: The vet assistant needs to recognise the early signs of colic in horses.	Steps: Look up The Horse magazine or the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) for detailed articles on colic signs. Check Racing Australia's Equine Welfare Guidelines for Australian-specific resources. Read the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science for up-to-date research on colic management.
7. Snake: Proper Dosage of Deworming Medication for a Python	Problem: A python needs deworming, but the dosage is uncertain.	Steps: Search the Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine for deworming guidelines for pythons. Consult Australian Reptile Park for species-specific care recommendations. Review AVA's reptile care guidelines, particularly regarding medications and dosages.
8. Fish: Setting Up a Quarantine Tank for New Fish	Problem: A pet owner needs advice on quarantine procedures for new fish.	Steps: Look up PetMD and RSPCA resources on setting up quarantine tanks. Search for aquaculture studies on Google Scholar for peer-reviewed quarantine protocols. Consult the Aquarium Society of Australia for detailed guidelines on fish health and quarantine.
9. Birds: Best Method for Safe Wing Clipping in Parrots	Problem: A client asks about safe wing clipping for their parrot.	Steps: Search the AVMA website for humane wing clipping guidelines. Refer to The Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV) for bird handling and wing trimming protocols. Review Merck Veterinary Manual's avian section for handling procedures and safety.
10. Dog: Identifying Causes of Seizures in Dogs	Problem: A dog owner needs information on potential causes of seizures in dogs.	Steps: Use PubMed or Merck Veterinary Manual to search for canine seizure disorders. Review the Australian Veterinary Association website for diagnostic approaches and management. Refer to VetMed Australia for any breed-specific considerations.
11. Cat: Safe Parasite Control for a Pregnant Cat	Problem: The vet assistant must determine which parasite treatments are safe for a pregnant cat.	Steps: Search the Merck Veterinary Manual for safe deworming medications during pregnancy. Check RSPCA or ASPCA resources for feline parasite control. Refer to research on Google Scholar to cross-check specific medication safety.
12. Horse: Managing Allergies in Horses	Problem: A horse shows symptoms of allergies, and the vet assistant needs information on common treatments.	Steps: Search the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) for insights on common allergens. Consult the University of Sydney's Veterinary Science Department for studies on equine allergies. Review the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science for research on treatment options.
13. Snake: Understanding the Hibernation Needs of a Pet Snake	Problem: The owner wants to know about hibernation needs for their native snake species.	Steps: Consult Australian Reptile Park or Museum Victoria for information on Australian snake hibernation. Use RSPCA Australia for reptile care and seasonal needs. Refer to the Merck Veterinary Manual for hibernation requirements by species.
14. Fish: Treatment for Fungal Infections in Freshwater Fish	Problem: The assistant needs to research fungal infection treatments for freshwater fish.	Steps: Search PetMD or Aquarium Society of Australia for aquatic health articles. Look up studies on Google Scholar for antifungal treatments in freshwater species. Refer to American Veterinary Medical Association guidelines for exotic and aquatic animal care.
15. Bird: Nutritional Requirements for a Rescue Cockatoo	Problem: A malnourished cockatoo needs a nutritional recovery plan.	Steps: Consult the Merck Veterinary Manual for avian nutrition guidelines. Check the Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV) for diet plans for parrots and cockatoos. Look up case studies in the Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery on malnutrition recovery in birds.

In the table below are some examples of reputable websites that can help you conduct research. 

Reputable Websites for Animal Care Research
Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) - https://www.ava.com.au Why it's reputable: The AVA provides research-based guidelines specific to Australia, covering welfare, nutrition, vaccinations, and treatments for a wide range of animals. Their resources are reviewed by qualified veterinarians.
RSPCA Australia - https://www.rspca.org.au Why it's reputable: RSPCA is a trusted animal welfare organization with comprehensive guidelines on humane treatment, welfare, and handling across various species. They also publish evidence-based information about animal health and environmental enrichment.
Merck Veterinary Manual - https://www.merckvetmanual.com Why it's reputable: Merck's manual is widely used by veterinary professionals. It contains detailed, up-to-date information on diseases, treatments, handling, and care across species and is thoroughly vetted by veterinary experts.
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) - https://www.avma.org Why it's reputable: AVMA provides research-backed information and guidelines on animal health, welfare, and veterinary ethics. They have resources on medication safety, handling, and disease management, reviewed by qualified veterinarians.
Biosecurity Queensland - Biosecurity Queensland - Agriculture and Livestock Why it's reputable: As a government site, Biosecurity Queensland provides information on livestock management, disease control, and welfare specific to Australian conditions. The content is regularly updated and aligned with state policies.
University of Sydney – Veterinary Science - University of Sydney Veterinary Science Why it's reputable: University websites like Sydney's vet school offer research publications, care guides, and clinical studies backed by faculty expertise, making them reliable for veterinary information.
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery - Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery Why it's reputable: This peer-reviewed journal focuses on avian medicine, making it an ideal resource for bird-related health, surgery, and welfare research. Articles undergo a rigorous review process by field experts.
ScienceDirect - https://www.sciencedirect.com Why it's reputable: ScienceDirect is a leading database of peer-reviewed scientific research. It provides access to journals covering veterinary science, animal welfare, and specific health and disease topics for a variety of animals.
American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) - https://aaep.org Why it's reputable: AAEP focuses on equine health, providing clinical guidelines, case studies, and up-to-date research from specialists in horse care, making it reliable for equine-related inquiries.
PetMD - https://www.petmd.com Why it's reputable: PetMD covers common health and wellness information for pets, overseen by veterinary professionals. Articles are reviewed by veterinarians, making it useful for basic care needs across pets like dogs, cats, and fish.

Below are some examples of not-so-reputable sources of information to keep away from. 

Unreputable or Less Reliable Websites and Why
Blogs or forums without expert oversight (e.g., The Dog Blog) Why it's not reputable: Blogs or personal websites often lack fact-checking and scientific rigor. Content on these sites is usually based on personal experience rather than evidence-based guidelines, making it unreliable for health decisions.
Social Media Sites (e.g., Facebook, Reddit for veterinary advice and TikTok) Why it's not reputable: While communities may offer anecdotal advice, social media lacks content verification, and posts often reflect individual opinions rather than scientific consensus. Always verify information from reputable sources instead.
Retail Sites with Animal Care Tips (e.g., Chewy.com or Petco.com care sections) Why it's not reputable: These sites sell products, so their recommendations may be biased toward promoting certain items. Although they may have basic care tips, they lack the depth and peer-review process of dedicated veterinary sources.
Pet Care Aggregator Websites (e.g., PetHelpful, Cuteness) Why it's not reputable: While these sites provide general information, they often lack citations and in-depth, research-backed content. The authors may not have veterinary qualifications, and the information may not be up-to-date or specific to regional needs.
Clickbait or Ad-heavy Health Sites (e.g., AllAboutPets.com) Why it's not reputable: Sites driven by ads often prioritize content volume over quality, leading to superficial or even inaccurate information. Without veterinary oversight, the information presented can be misleading or outdated.
Product Manufacturer Sites with "Research" Sections (e.g., Purina.com) Why it's not reputable: While manufacturers like Purina may provide some research-based information, they are ultimately promoting their products. They may not provide objective insights and are likely to focus on their brand's products over other evidence-based options.
Wikipedia Why it's not reputable for detailed care needs: Wikipedia is a general information source with articles that anyone can edit. While it's a useful starting point, it's not a reliable source for precise veterinary care and should be cross-referenced with more authoritative sources.
Alternative Medicine Sites (e.g., NaturalPetCare.com) Why it's not reputable: Alternative medicine sites may suggest treatments that lack scientific backing or are potentially unsafe. They can promote non-evidence-based practices, which may be ineffective or harmful.

How to use a search engine 

Popular Search Engines
Google: The most widely used search engine, known for accurate, up-to-date results. Website: www.google.com Bing: Microsoft's search engine, known for visual search features. Website: www.bing.com Yahoo: Offers search as well as news, email, and other online services. Website: www.yahoo.com DuckDuckGo: A search engine that emphasizes privacy and does not track users. Website: www.duckduckgo.com

Step-by-Step Guide to Using a Search Engine
Step 1: Open Your Internet Browser To start, open an internet browser such as Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari, or Firefox. These are the programs you use to access the internet.
Step 2: Go to the Search Engine's Website In the address bar (usually at the top of the browser), type the search engine's website address, like www.google.com for Google. Press Enter on your keyboard to load the page.
Step 3: Type Your Question or Keywords Once on the search engine's homepage, you'll see a search bar in the middle of the screen. Click inside the search bar to place the cursor there, and then type your question or keywords. Example: If you are researching information on "cat vaccinations," type something like "best cat vaccinations for older cats" or "benefits of cat vaccinations."
Step 4: Press Enter or Click the Search Button After typing your question or keywords, press Enter on your keyboard or click the search button (usually a magnifying glass icon next to the search bar).
Step 5: Look at the Results Page The search engine will bring up a page with a list of results. Each result has a title, a brief description, and a website link. Tip: Websites that end in ".gov," ".edu," or ".org" are usually trustworthy. Official government sites, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations often provide accurate information.
Step 6: Click on a Link to Read More Review the titles and descriptions of the results to find one that looks relevant. Click on the blue title text of the result that looks most promising, and it will open the webpage. Tip: If you're unsure, start with a reputable source like a veterinary association, government page, or a well-known animal care website.
Step 7: Review the Information and Take Notes Read the information on the page and take notes if it's helpful. If you need more information or want to explore other viewpoints, go back to the search results by pressing the back button in your browser.
Step 8: Try Different Keywords if Needed If the results don't seem helpful, try using different words in your search. For example, instead of "best cat vaccinations," you could try "cat vaccination benefits" or "feline vaccine types." Sometimes changing the wording can lead to more relevant results.
Step 9: Bookmark or Save Useful Links If you find a webpage that's especially helpful, you can bookmark it to easily return later. In most browsers, you can do this by pressing Ctrl + D (Windows) or Command + D (Mac).

Watch

The next couple of videos explain the wonderful world of search engines.

Using reputable sources ensures that the information you gather for animal care is evidence-based, accurate, and aligned with best practices in veterinary medicine. Avoiding unreliable sources protects against misinformation and potential harm to the animals in care.

Here are some examples of high-quality books that are reputable for students researching animal care and veterinary science, as well as examples of books that would not be as reliable or appropriate for serious research purposes.

Recommended Books for Animal Care and Veterinary Research
"Merck Veterinary Manual" Authors: Susan E. Aiello, Michael A. Moses Why it's good: This manual is a comprehensive reference for veterinary professionals covering diseases, diagnostics, treatments, and species-specific care. It's evidence-based and highly respected in the field.
"Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy" Authors: Keith M. Dyce, Wolfgang O. Sack, C.J.G. Wensing Why it's good: This textbook provides in-depth knowledge on animal anatomy, which is foundational for understanding health, illness, and treatments. It's used by vet students and is highly detailed, with illustrations and clinical examples.
"Small Animal Clinical Nutrition" Authors: Michael S. Hand, DVM, MS, DACVN, Craig D. Thatcher, DVM, PhD, DACVN Why it's good: A reliable guide on small animal nutrition, this book offers insights into dietary needs, clinical nutrition, and feeding strategies based on scientific studies. It's especially useful for researching dog and cat dietary requirements.
"Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats" Authors: Otto M. Radostits, Clive C. Gay, Kenneth W. Hinchcliff, Peter D. Constable Why it's good: This textbook covers a range of animal species and provides information on disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It's respected for its evidence-based approach and is used globally in veterinary education.
"Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians" Authors: Joanna M. Bassert, Angela Beal Why it's good: This book is an essential resource for vet assistants and technicians, with detailed sections on animal care, emergency protocols, and handling. It's practical and widely trusted in veterinary support roles.
"Manual of Exotic Pet Practice" Authors: Mark A. Mitchell, Thomas N. Tully Why it's good: This manual focuses on care and treatment for exotic pets like reptiles, birds, and small mammals. It's ideal for researching non-standard pets and includes species-specific medical insights and care protocols.
"Fundamentals of Animal Nutrition" Authors: Subodh Kumar Saha Why it's good: This book provides a comprehensive overview of nutrition across species, with chapters on metabolism, nutrient requirements, and feeding strategies, making it an ideal resource for foundational knowledge in animal care.
"Exotic Animal Medicine for the Veterinary Technician" Authors: Bonnie Ballard, Ryan Cheek Why it's good: This is a respected resource for understanding exotic animal health and care, covering handling, diseases, nutrition, and enrichment. It's suitable for those researching non-domestic animals in captivity.
"Canine and Feline Behavior and Training: A Complete Guide to Understanding Our Two Best Friends" Authors: Linda P. Case, M.S. Why it's good: This book covers behavioural science for dogs and cats, offering research-backed training methods and behavioural modification techniques. It's highly respected and used in animal behaviour research.
"Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans" Authors: Hans A. Feldmann, Otto Appel Why it's good: This book covers diseases that can transfer between animals and humans, providing critical insight for students on pathogen management, prevention, and safety protocols.

Books and Literature to Avoid for Serious Animal Care Research
"The Healing Power of Animal Communication" Authors: Amelia Kinkade Why it's not good: This book focuses on intuitive animal communication techniques without scientific backing. It's not useful for evidence-based animal care research and lacks verifiable sources.
"The Complete Guide to Pet Astrology" Authors: Celeste Teal Why it's not good: This book bases pet behaviours and personality traits on astrological signs, which are not scientifically supported. It may be interesting, but it is not helpful for veterinary or animal welfare research.
"Holistic Aromatherapy for Animals" Authors: Kristen Leigh Bell Why it's not good: Although aromatherapy is popular, it lacks evidence as a primary medical treatment for animals. Many essential oils are actually harmful to pets, so without rigorous scientific review, this could be misleading.
"Raw Feeding 101: Beginner's Raw Feeding Guide" Authors: Kimberly Gauthier Why it's not good: While raw feeding is debated, this book is based primarily on anecdotal evidence rather than peer-reviewed research. Raw diets can pose risks and should only be researched through veterinary-backed sources.
"Healing Pets with Love and Light: A Holistic Approach" Authors: Gail Pope Why it's not good: Books that focus on holistic healing through non-medical means without scientific evidence are not suitable for students needing to learn reliable animal care techniques.
"The Pet Psychic's Guide to Better Animal Care" Authors: Sonya Fitzpatrick Why it's not good: This book relies on telepathic communication claims that lack scientific foundation. It does not offer practical or research-backed care information, making it unreliable for serious study.
"Whispering to Cats: Bonding with Your Feline Friend" Authors: Mary Jo Smythe Why it's not good: Books that claim special communication techniques without behavioural science or veterinary insight can be misleading and lack practical applications in professional animal care.
"The Magical World of Animal Reiki" Authors: Rose O'Keefe Why it's not good: Reiki and other alternative therapies lack robust scientific evidence in veterinary medicine and do not substitute for conventional care practices, making this unsuitable for research.
"Crystal Healing for Pets: Natural Cures for Animals" Authors: Joan Ranquet Why it's not good: Crystal healing is not scientifically validated for treating animals, and focusing on crystals for health can overlook evidence-based treatments that animals may need.
"The Dog's Purpose: A Guide to Understanding Your Dog's Soul" Authors: Bruce Cameron Why it's not good: While this book is an entertaining story, it is fictional and not intended as a serious research resource. It lacks practical or scientific information on dog care.

Using reputable, science-backed books ensures that students base their research on verified, professional knowledge, whereas books with anecdotal or pseudoscientific approaches are best avoided.

Industry Associations 

Whilst doing research, you may need to look up different industry associations. These organisations support the animal care industry by setting standards, providing resources, and offering professional development for those working in animal welfare, veterinary medicine, and related fields.

1. Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) Description: The AVA is a professional association representing veterinarians across Australia. It provides resources, training, and policy advocacy to support veterinary professionals. Relevance: They offer professional guidelines, education, and continuing development opportunities to ensure high standards in veterinary care. Website: ava.com.au

2. Animal Welfare League Australia (AWLA) Description: AWLA is a national organization that supports the welfare and humane treatment of animals. It collaborates with animal welfare groups to promote ethical practices and provide shelter and rehoming services. Relevance: AWLA plays a crucial role in the ethical care and welfare standards for animals, with resources and support for animal care professionals. Website: awla.org.au

3. Australian Pet Welfare Foundation (APWF) Description: The APWF focuses on promoting pet welfare and reducing euthanasia rates in shelters. It provides evidence-based research and support for companion animal welfare. Relevance: This foundation conducts studies and offers guidelines for animal care organizations, enhancing standards in the pet care industry. Website: petwelfare.org.au

4. RSPCA Australia (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Description: RSPCA is one of Australia's largest animal welfare organizations, with a focus on preventing animal cruelty and promoting responsible pet ownership. Relevance: RSPCA provides resources, training, and education in animal welfare practices and advocates for animal protection laws. Website: rspca.org.au

5. Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists (ANZCVS) Description: ANZCVS offers advanced education and fellowship programs for veterinary professionals in Australia and New Zealand. Relevance: This association is valuable for vet assistants and professionals seeking to specialize in areas of animal care and medicine, promoting continuous education. Website: anzcvs.org.au

6. Australian Veterinary Nurses and Technicians Association (AVNAT) Description: AVNAT is an accreditation scheme overseen by the AVA for veterinary nurses and technicians, supporting professional standards and continued learning. Relevance: This association ensures quality standards and professionalism in veterinary nursing, offering resources and certification for vet assistants and nurses. Website: ava.com.au/avnat

7. Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia (ZAA) Description: ZAA represents zoos, aquariums, and wildlife parks in Australia and New Zealand, focusing on animal welfare, conservation, and education. Relevance: ZAA provides best practices, welfare standards, and support for professionals working in wildlife care and conservation. Website: zooaquarium.org.au

8. Australian Society for Veterinary Animal Behaviour (AVSAB) Description: AVSAB is dedicated to improving animal welfare through knowledge of animal behavior. They offer resources and training related to animal behavior. Relevance: This organization is useful for those working in animal care facilities, providing insights on handling behavioral issues humanely. Website: avsab.com.au

9. Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines Description: This government-backed body develops and enforces animal welfare standards across various industries in Australia. Relevance: Their guidelines are essential for animal care providers to ensure that practices align with national welfare standards. Website: animalwelfarestandards.net.au

10. Pet Industry Association of Australia (PIAA) Description: PIAA represents businesses involved in the pet industry, including pet care providers, retailers, and breeders. They advocate for ethical practices and standards in the pet industry. Relevance: PIAA supports best practices in pet care, including education and training for pet-related businesses. Website: piaa.net.au

The table below demonstrates resources and associations relevant to the animal care industry. 

Resource Type	Example	Scenario & Identification
Industry Associations	- Australian Veterinary Association (AVA) - Animal Care Australia (ACA) - Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists (ANZCVS)	Scenario: Anna, a vet assistant, needs to update her knowledge of best practices for handling aggressive animals in a clinical setting. She finds a relevant seminar hosted by the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), an industry-recognized group for veterinary professionals. Identification: Anna knows the AVA is reputable because it's an established association representing veterinary professionals and advocates for animal welfare standards nationwide.
Government Registers	- NSW Pet Registry - Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF) Animal Records - Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines	Scenario: Sarah, working at a pet adoption agency, is tasked with checking a dog's microchip registration details. She uses the NSW Pet Registry, a government-maintained database that records pet ownership and identification details. Identification: Sarah identifies the NSW Pet Registry as a reliable source because it is a government-controlled database specifically designed for tracking pets and ensuring compliance with NSW microchipping laws.
Product Brochures and SDS	- NexGard Chewables Brochure - Frontline Plus SDS - Advocate Flea Treatment Product Guide	Scenario: John, a pet store employee, is asked by a customer about flea prevention options for their dog. John provides the customer with the NexGard Chewables Brochure and the Frontline Plus Safety Data Sheet (SDS) to explain how each product works and any potential safety precautions. Identification: John recognizes these as reliable because they are official documents from the manufacturers, with SDS required by law to detail product composition and safety information.
A supervisor or Other Workplace Team Members	- Head Veterinarian - Senior Animal Technician - Team Lead in Animal Care	Scenario: Lucy, a new animal technician, encounters an unusual rash on a patient dog and is unsure about the cause. She consults her Senior Animal Technician, who has experience handling similar cases. The senior technician advises on a course of action and confirms the need for a vet consultation. Identification: Lucy recognizes the Senior Technician as a knowledgeable resource due to their experience and role within the team, which involves mentoring junior staff on practical animal care.
Validated Internet Sites	- Pet Drugs Online Australia - Australian Animal Health Laboratory - RSPCA Knowledgebase	Scenario: Tom is researching the best type of worming treatment for cats, and he consults the RSPCA Knowledgebase online for guidance. The site provides credible information verified by veterinary professionals. Identification: Tom trusts the RSPCA Knowledgebase because it's operated by the RSPCA, a well-known animal welfare organization, and contains regularly updated, validated information about animal health and care.
Workplace Resources	- Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Manual - Animal Observation Logs - Daily Cleaning Checklists	Scenario: Jasmine, working at an animal boarding facility, refers to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) Manual to verify the correct steps for administering oral medication to dogs. Identification: Jasmine identifies the SOP Manual as reliable because it is an official workplace document developed and approved by her organization to ensure consistency in procedures across the facility.

Locate sources of relevant information

Using the resources available to you, locate sources of relevant information. You may use a variety of different sources for the same information need. For example, you may access workplace resources and product brochures, and find some sources from validated internet sites, all related to the same range of animal care products or services. For individual animal information, you will likely need to access workplace information management systems, industry databases and/or government registers.

Select the most current source of reputable information

As you learned from the previous topic, there are often multiple sources of similar information. Once you have found a reputable source, you then need to evaluate the source in terms of currency and coverage. In other words, ask yourself the following questions:

1. Currency:
   • When was the information published?
   • Is the information current or outdated?
   • Does currency matter in this topic?
2. Coverage:
   • Does the information covered meet your information needs?
   • Does it provide basic or in-depth coverage?” (Run Run Shaw Library 2022)

Once you have evaluated the sources, select the most appropriate source for your, the client’s or team member’s information needs. Products and services often change over time regarding availability, price, contents and many other factors. So, you should always use the most up-to-date source when providing information to others.

It is important to evaluate coverage in terms of the information needed. Choose a source that clearly provides the information that is required. It can be very frustrating for the other person if you give them irrelevant information and/or don’t answer their original question.

You should also evaluate coverage in terms of the level of detail. Use questioning and active listening to gauge the level of detail the other person requires, then select a source that meets that need. It can be frustrating for the other person to be bombarded with excess information they are not interested in or if they must keep asking questions to get the level of detail they want.

It is often easier to select a source with more detail than is required but only to provide the information that is needed. If the other person has follow-up questions, you can use the same source again rather than finding a new source with greater coverage.

To locate sources of relevant information in the animal care industry (or any industry), you can use various types of resources depending on the information you need. Here are some key strategies:

1. Books and Textbooks Purpose: Foundational knowledge and broad overviews of subjects such as animal health, welfare, and species-specific care. Where to Find: Libraries, educational institutions, or online stores (e.g., Amazon, Google Books). Example: "Veterinary Medicine: A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Horses, Sheep, Pigs, and Goats."

2. Scientific Journals and Research Papers Purpose: Peer-reviewed articles on recent studies, evidence-based practices, and emerging trends in veterinary science and animal care. Where to Find: Databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, JSTOR, or specific journals like The Journal of Veterinary Science. Example: Searching on Google Scholar for "canine enrichment activities study."

3. Government and Regulatory Websites Purpose: Legal and ethical standards, industry regulations, and policy guidelines regarding animal care and welfare. Where to Find: Official government websites. Example: The Australian Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment provides guidelines on animal welfare laws in Australia.

4. Professional Organisations and Associations Purpose: Standards, guidelines, and educational resources developed by industry professionals and organisations. Where to Find: Websites of organisations like the Australian Veterinary Association (AVA), RSPCA, or the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Example: Visit the RSPCA Australia website to learn about welfare standards and best practices for animal care.

5. Veterinary Clinics and Animal Care Facilities Purpose: Practical insights, treatment protocols, and hands-on experience shared by practising veterinarians and animal care professionals. Where to Find: Veterinary clinics' websites, veterinary associations, or consulting with local clinics for real-world experience. Example: Asking a local veterinary clinic for details on specific treatments they recommend for common pet issues.

6. Industry Magazines and Newsletters Purpose: Updates on industry trends, new products, and practical advice for professionals working in animal care. Where to Find: Subscribe to industry publications like Vet Practice Magazine or Animal Welfare Australia Newsletter. Example: Signing up for an email newsletter from Vet Practice Magazine for the latest veterinary techniques and tools.

7. Workshops, Conferences, and Seminars Purpose: Professional development, networking, and learning about the latest advancements in animal care and veterinary medicine. Where to Find: Websites of veterinary associations, event organisers, or local government bodies. Example: Attending the Australian Veterinary Association’s annual conference to hear about the latest veterinary practices.

8. Online Forums and Communities Purpose: Peer-to-peer discussions, shared experiences, and practical advice from people actively working in animal care. Where to Find: Forums like VetTimes Forum or social media groups for animal care professionals. Example: Joining a Facebook group dedicated to animal care professionals where members share insights on daily challenges.

Correctly interpret the information

Once you have accessed information about animal care products and services, it is important that you can interpret it – that is, you can read and understand the information. Interpreting information for animal care needs will involve you locating and understanding details within the source, such as:

• purpose of the product or service
• product ingredients or service contents
• instructions relating to product use or requirements for pre-service
• safety precautions or considerations
• quantities and measurements
• application requirements.

Tips for effective interpretation of written information

Rather than reading an entire document, which can be time-consuming, you should use strategies to locate sections of the document in which you may find the information you require. Such strategies include:

• Reviewing the document’s contents to identify relevant sections
• Searching for words or phrases, using the glossary or a search function for electronic documents (for example, use Ctrl + F in Microsoft Word® or Adobe Acrobat® programs or on webpages)
• Referring to key parts of figures and diagrams, such as the legend (which tells you what the symbols or colours represent) and the scale, if appropriate
• Scanning the document – to quickly read and develop a broad understanding of the subject and the key information the document contains. When scanning a text, do not read every word or sentence. Rather, let your eyes fall over the text and search for the key information you need. You may use a finger to help guide your eyes logically and systematically through the text, searching for key information.
• Reading actively – that is to process the material as you progress through it by:
  • Identifying key ideas in the document, using a highlighter or underlining
  • Making notes on the document to help clarify your thoughts
  • Using a dictionary to obtain the definitions of words you are unsure about
  • Re-reading the document later, in whole or in part, as required.

If you have attempted to interpret a source of information about an animal care product or service and you are still unsure about what it means or how to apply it, it is vital that you seek advice from an appropriate person. An ‘appropriate person’ may include your work supervisor, a manager, an experienced colleague or an external expert on the topic.

Interpreting numerical information

Animal care product and service information often involve numbers. This numerical information can be extremely important for providing specific details to the client or team member. In the case of health care products, it may even be life-threatening if you misinterpret the numerical information, for example, leading to the incorrect dose of medication.

Quantity and measurement

A quantity is the amount or the number of something. In other words, the quantity is ‘how much’ or ‘how many’ of something. For example, a client may want to know how many (the quantity of) single-serve pouches are in the bulk package, the maximum number of snakes that can be kept together in a particular enclosure, or the number of supplements to give their guinea pig every day.

Measurement is the process of determining the quantity of something. To measure something, you require a specific tool for the type of measurement. For example, you may use a ruler or tape measure to determine the length or dimensions or something, a scale to measure weight or a measuring cup or jug to measure volume.

Quantities can also be measured in terms of specific qualities, such as length, weight and volume.

Length and dimensions

Length measures how long an object is – the distance between the start and end of something. For example, the length of a snake is the distance between the tip of its nose and the tip of its tail.

The dimensions of an object are the combined lengths of the different sides. For example, the dimensions of a birdhouse include the lengths of the width (from side to side), height (from top to bottom) and depth (from front to back).

Length measurements may also relate to the size of objects, such as the length of a grooming brush or the chest measurement of a car harness.

Weight and volume

Weight is a measure of how heavy an object is. The base unit of weight is the kilogram (kg). However, depending on the object being weighed, you may use smaller units that are conversions of the kilogram.

Unit	Microgram	Milligram	Gram	Kilogram
Symbol	µg	mg	g	kg
Conversions	1 µg = 1/1000 mg 1 µg = 1/1,000,000 g 1 µg = 1/1,000,000,000,000 kg	1 mg = 1000 µg 1 mg = 1/1000 g 1 mg = 1/1,000,000,000 kg	1 g = 1,000,000 µg 1 g = 1000 mg 1 g = 1/1,000,000 kg	1 kg = 1,000,000,000,000 µg 1 kg = 1,000,000,000 mg 1 kg = 1,000,000 g
Examples of when to use	For tiny amounts, such as the weight of the active ingredient in a medication.	For very small amounts, such as the weight of a specific vitamin in a supplement tablet.	For small amounts, such as the weight of wet food in a pouch.	For larger amounts, such as the weight of a dog.

Volume is a measure of how much space a liquid takes up. The base unit of volume is the litre (L). However, as with weight, there are unit conversions to use for different quantities.

Unit	Microlitre	Millilitre	Litre	Megalitre
Symbol	µL	mL	L	ML
Conversions	1 µL = 1/1000 mL 1 µL = 1/1,000,000 L 1 µL = 1/1,000,000,000,000 ML	1 mL = 1000 µL 1 mL = 1/1000 L 1 mL = 1/1,000,000,000 ML	1 L = 1,000,000 µL 1 L = 1000 mL 1 L = 1/1,000,000 ML	1 ML = 1,000,000,000,000 µL 1 ML = 1,000,000,000 mL 1 ML = 1,000,000 L
Example of when to use	For tiny volumes, such as the volume of the active ingredient in a liquid medication.	For small volumes, such as the volume of spot-on preparation in a flea topical.	For larger volumes, such as the volume of shampoo in a bulk container.	For very large volumes, such as the volume of water in an equine hydrotherapy pool.

Ratios

A ratio is the quantity of one thing compared to the quantity of another thing. For example, the number of chickens allowed to be kept compared to the area they are kept in, the number of doggy day care animal attendants needed compared to the number of dogs, or the dimensions of an enclosure compared to the size of the animal.

There are three ways to express a ratio.

The first method is to add a colon between the two values. For example, the ratio of animal care attendants to dogs in a day care facility is 1:10. The order of the numbers must match the order of the items in the sentence. In this example, 1 animal care attendant is required for every 10 dogs.

The second method is to use the word ‘to’. For example, the ratio of animal attendants to dogs in a day care facility is 1 to 10. Again, the order of numbers must match the items in the sentence.

The last method of presenting a ratio is as a fraction. For example, the ratio of animal attendants to dogs in a day care facility is 1/10. With this method, the first item mentioned is always the numerator (top number) of the fraction, while the second item is the denominator (bottom number).

If you change the order of the items in the ratio, you must change the order of the numbers in the ratio. For example, if we change the order of the sentence to say ‘the ratio of dogs to animal care attendants’, then we need to change the order of the numbers in the expressed ratio – 10:1 or 10 to 1.

However, when expressing a ratio as a fraction, the lowest number is typically the numerator.

Cost

Cost is the amount of money that is required to pay for a product or service. When sourcing information about cost, you may need to look for terms such as price, fee or charge.

In Australia, the cost is expressed in Australian Dollars (AUD). However, it is typically written with a simple dollar symbol, $. For example, the cost of a training clicker could be $11.95.

When sourcing cost information online, ensure the website's currency is set to AUD. Many other countries, including the United States of America (USD), Singapore (SGD) and Canada (CAD), also use dollars. However, the price in AUD is not the same amount as in USD, SGD or CAD.

Decimals

Decimal numbers represent quantities based on whole numbers and parts of numbers. The number before the decimal point shows how many whole numbers and the first number after the decimal point shows how many tenths. A tenth is one whole divided into 10 equal parts. Therefore 0.5 is equal to a half, 0.5 = 1/2.

For example, a small dog weighing 5.4 kg is 5 whole kilograms plus 4 tenths of a kilogram. Further, this dog is 1 tenth of a kg less than 5.5 kg.

Review the following video (4:05 min), which is a refresher about place value, including decimal numbers.

Interpreting safety information

Safety information is always important. As part of your duty of care to the animal, you must do your best to provide information about risks and hazards associated with the products or services for which you source information – even if it is not necessarily part of the information requested.

Product safety information

While detailed product safety information is provided in safety data sheets (SDS), if a product poses a risk, warning and safety information is included in the full product brochure as well as written directly on the packaging. For example, parasite topical treatments for dogs may have warnings on the packaging such as, “CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN” or “FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY”. Safety directions may include information such as “Avoid contact with eyes”; “Wash hands after use”; “Do not swallow”; or “If poisoning occurs, contact a doctor or Poisons Information Centre”.

The following table outlines some common safety information associated with the different types of animal products.

Product type	Associated safety information
Dietary needs	Ingredients that may be common allergens Age specifications or limitations, e.g., only suitable for puppies or not suitable during lactation
Animal housing items	Instructions for safe disposal Product weight Product loading limitations
Health and hygiene products	Hazardous chemicals in contents Keep away from children Avoid contact with eyes Wash hands afterwards Poisons Centre contact information Instructions for safe disposal Suitable and unsuitable species
Enrichment items	Choking hazards Instructions for safe disposal Supervise use, particularly with new item
Grooming products	Hazardous chemicals in contents Ingredients that may be common allergens Keep away from children Avoid contact with eyes Wash hands afterwards Poisons Centre contact information Instructions for safe disposal Suitable and unsuitable species
Training products	Instructions for safe disposal Do not leave animal unsupervised with item

Service safety information

As with products, there are risks associated with animal care services. While the risks are usually low, it is important to provide the information to the client so they can make informed decisions about the services. The specific safety risks will depend on the specific nature of the service. Make sure to read the information about safety carefully before providing it to a client. If you cannot find any information regarding safety, you may need to make enquiries or source additional information to clarify or confirm safety concerns or precautions related to the service.

The following table outlines some common safety concerns associated with different types of animal care services. The examples are not exhaustive, nor guaranteed. Make sure to read the safety information specific to the service.

Service category	Associated safety risks
Boarding and day care facilities	Injury to client's animal as a result of: interacting with other animals damaged equipment or poorly maintained grounds Risk of client’s animal: contracting an illness from other animals learning bad behaviours from other animals
Grooming services	Risk of client’s animal: suffering nicks or cuts suffering water or products in the eyes or ears experiencing allergic responses to products developing anxiety about grooming
Training services	Injury to client's animal as a result of: inappropriate use of training items inappropriate training location Risk of client’s animal: developing anxiety or aggression due to unsuitable handling
Veterinary and allied health services	Risk of client’s animal: experiencing allergic responses to products not surviving a procedure or anaesthetic developing anxiety for vet visits
Outsourced services	Risks will depend on the specific outsourced service

Interpreting industry terminology

As with any industry, there are specific terms that relate to animal care. Recognising and understanding what these terms mean will help you interpret product and service information accurately.

The following table lists some safety, scientific and health care terminology that are commonly found in animal care product SDS and product or service brochures.

Unit or term	Explanation or definition
Common safety terms
Hazard (e.g., environmental hazard)	A source of potential harm, for example, to the environment
Precaution (e.g., personal precaution)	A measure taken to reduce the risk, for example, to yourself
Contaminate	Adding a dangerous, toxic or polluting substance to something
Flammable	Can catch fire
Ventilated	Free-flowing air
Sanitised	Cleaned with disinfectant
Common scientific terms
mL/L	Millilitres per litre
kg	Kilograms
g	Grams
mg	Milligrams
Aquatic	Freshwater (lakes and rivers)
Marine	Saltwater (ocean)
Terrestrial	Ground-based
Arboreal	Lives in trees
Consumed	Eaten
Common heath care terms
Indications	Reasons to apply the product
Contraindications	Reasons not to apply the product, for example, during pregnancy
Triannual	Three times per year
Annual	Once every year
Oral	Mouth
Ocular	Eyes
Dermal	Skin
Gastrointestinal	Digestive system
Ectoparasite	Parasites that live on the surface of the host, for example, ticks
Endoparasite	Parasites that live inside the host, for example, intestinal worms
Carcinogen	Something that can cause cancer

Documenting Sources and Referencing

Documenting sources and referencing are critical skills in professional and academic settings. Proper referencing acknowledges the original authors of information, helps avoid plagiarism, and allows others to trace sources. Here’s a step-by-step guide for documenting sources and using references effectively:

1. Types of Referencing Styles APA (American Psychological Association): Common in social sciences. MLA (Modern Language Association): Often used in humanities. Harvard: Popular in various fields for its simplicity. Chicago/Turabian: Used in history, business, and the arts. Vancouver: Common in medical and scientific papers. Choose the style recommended by your institution or workplace. For example, the APA style is often used in animal care fields in academic contexts.

2. Elements of a Citation Regardless of style, most citations include the following information: Author(s): Who created the work? Use last names and initials. Title: What is the name of the work? Publication Date: When was it published? Source: Where can it be found (e.g., journal, website, book)? Additional Details: Include volume numbers, page numbers, and URLs if needed.

3. Documenting Different Source Types Here’s how to document common types of sources: Book: APA: Author(s). (Year). Title of the book. Publisher. Example: Smith, J. (2020). Veterinary essentials. Animal Care Press. Journal Article: APA: Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page range. DOI or URL (if available). Example: Brown, R., & Grey, M. (2021). Parasite prevention in household pets. Journal of Animal Care, 14(3), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jac.2021.003 Website: APA: Author(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the page. Website Name. URL Example: RSPCA Australia. (2022, June 10). Tips for keeping pets healthy. RSPCA Knowledgebase. https://www.rspca.org.au/knowledgebase/

4. In-Text Citations APA In-Text Citation: Include the author’s last name, publication year, and page number (for direct quotes). Paraphrasing: (Smith, 2020) Direct Quote: (Brown & Grey, 2021, p. 47)

5. Reference List or Bibliography The reference list appears at the end of your document and contains full citations for each source. Arrange entries alphabetically by the author’s last name. Use a hanging indent (indent the second and subsequent lines) to format each entry.

6. Referencing Tips for Online Sources in Animal Care Check Credibility: Use reputable sources like academic journals, government sites, and recognized animal care organizations (e.g., RSPCA). Use Permanent Links: When citing online materials, use DOI links or stable URLs to ensure sources remain accessible. Consult Style Guides: Style manuals (such as the APA manual) offer detailed guidance on how to cite various source types.

7. Using Reference Management Tools Tools like Zotero, EndNote, and Mendeley can help automate citations, making it easier to organize and format references. Many of these tools offer plugins for word processors, allowing you to insert citations and create a reference list automatically.

Example Reference List (APA Style) Here’s how a reference list might look in APA format: Reference List Brown, R., & Grey, M. (2021). Parasite prevention in household pets. Journal of Animal Care, 14(3), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1234/jac.2021.003 RSPCA Australia. (2022, June 10). Tips for keeping pets healthy. RSPCA Knowledgebase. https://www.rspca.org.au/knowledgebase/ Smith, J. (2020). Veterinary essentials. Animal Care Press.

With these steps, you can create clear, organized, and properly formatted references, enhancing the quality and credibility of your work. 

Recall that an animal care product is an item that can be purchased for and used in the care of an animal, such as food, health products or enrichment items.

Product manufacturers publish information about their products. As someone working in the animal care industry, it is your job to know how to research products for clients, interpret the information accurately, and then provide that information to the client in a way that they can easily understand. However, animal care product marketing can be confusing and even misleading. It is critical that you read all the product information, including any fine print, to make sure you provide accurate information.

Two product categories to be particularly careful with are dietary items and parasite preventatives.

In Australia, there is no regulatory body for pet food. This means that there is no legislation concerning the manufacture of pet food in any state or territory. Instead, it is regulated with voluntary industry standards applied through the Pet Food Industry Association of Australia (PFIAA). For further information on this subject, review the 'Australian Government response to the report of the Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport Committee: Regulatory approaches to ensure the safety of pet food'.

For example, when a specific protein source is listed, such as beef or chicken, there are no requirements that the ingredient is actual meat. Instead, it could contain beaks, hooves, blood, skin, fat, blood or other animal components. There are also no requirements for the minimum quantity of the ‘meat’. The weights listed are also typically measured before dehydration, meaning the amount of meat content can be up to 80% less than what is listed.

Terms such as ‘balanced’, ‘premium’ or ‘holistic’ on dietary items are also not regulated and, therefore, should not impact decision-making around appropriate food items for a particular animal. Instead, focus your research on veterinary-recommended foods that are backed by scientific studies.

Parasite preventative information can also be confusing. Many products may have ‘all wormer’ or ‘complete parasite control’ on the box but may not cover all important parasites. For example, many ‘all wormers’ do not cover tapeworm.

Another thing to keep in mind is when looking at products that cover multiple parasites, make sure to check the application schedule carefully. The different active ingredients often have different efficacy durations. For example, the product could be marketed as a monthly flea and tick preventative. However, it prevents fleas for one month but only prevents ticks for two weeks.

To ensure you provide accurate information, make sure you read the entire product brochure or insert, including any fine print, and double-check exactly what parasites are covered and for how long.

Animal Care Products

Types of animal care products

There is a massive variety of animal care products available across several categories. However, in this module, we shall focus on the following six categories:

1. Basic dietary needs, including food products, supplements, and treats. For example, cans of wet dog food, chicken pellets, guinea pig vitamin C supplements, cat liver treats, etc.
2. Animal housing items: For example, cat beds, dog kennels, fish tanks, reptile enclosures and rodent cages, etc.
3. Health and hygiene products: For example, medications, parasite control, shampoos, kitty litter, disinfectants, etc.
4. Enrichment items: For example, toys, cat towers, bird swings, items to encourage specific behaviours, such as foraging, grooming and social interaction, etc.
5. Grooming products: For example, brushes, clippers, fur or feather treatments, etc.
6. Training products: For example, leads, halters, collars, clickers, obstacles, etc.

Animal care product information

Animal care product information can be grouped into two broad classes:

1. General information, including:
   • purpose, including intended species and life stage
   • ingredients, contents or materials used
   • Use By or Best Before dates
   • recommended retail price.
2. Product instructions, including:
   • measurements
   • recommended quantities and frequencies of use
   • instructions for assembly, use and disposal
   • applications, including species, breed, weight, size or other limits
   • associated safety precautions.

The following table provides some examples of the types of information you may be required to interpret about some common animal care products.

Animal care product	General product information	Product instructions
Basic dietary needs	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Ingredients Use by dates Best before dates	Recommended quantities and frequencies Disposal instructions
Animal housing items	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Contents, including materials used	Assembly instructions Weight or size limits Safety precautions Disposal instructions
Health and hygiene products	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Ingredients Use by dates Best before dates	Instructions for use Recommended quantities and frequencies Safety precautions Disposal instructions
Enrichment items	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Contents, including materials used	Assembly instructions Instructions for use Safety precautions Disposal instructions
Grooming products	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Contents, including materials used Use by dates Best before dates	Assembly instructions Weight or size limits Instructions for use Recommended quantities and frequencies Safety precautions Disposal instructions
Training products	Purpose, including intended species and life stage Contents, including materials used	Assembly instructions Weight or size limits Instructions for use Safety precautions Disposal instructions

Select information according to the identified need

Once you have sourced animal care product information, you need to review it so you can select the information that is relevant to the identified need. Recall (and confirm if required) the client’s or team member’s information need. What do they need to know? Does the information you sourced contain those details?

• Product purpose – the intended use of the product. For example, the behaviours targeted by a particular enrichment item.
• Product contents – the materials or ingredients used to make the product. For example, the key ingredients in poultry feed.
• Product instructions relating to:
  • Use –instructions for the appropriate method of applying or using the product. For example, the steps involved in constructing a cat gym.
  • Safety precautions –instructions for the safe use of the product and warnings against improper use. For example, warnings against leaving the animal unsupervised with a new training product.
  • Quantities – instructions for the amount of product to be used at any one time. For example, to use the entire pipette of liquid topic solution in a single application.
  • Measurements – instructions related to weights, volumes or dimensions of the product. For example, the chest measurements for different sizes of car harnesses for dogs.
  • Application requirements – instructions for the species, breed, size, weight or other limitations for using the product. For example, the size of a rodent cage may be suitable for up to eight mice but only up to two rats.
• Other product information – may include information about the origin of the product components or ingredients; product quality testing results; diagnostic information; troubleshooting tips; and much more. For example, many parasite control products provide descriptions of common symptoms of parasite infestations.

Interpreting product information

Once you have identified the relevant information, you then need to interpret it accurately so you can provide it to the client or team member effectively.

Product brochures, labels and leaflets

The product brochure, full label or leaflet typically contains all the information you will require about a product. Unlike SDS, there is no recommended structure for product labels and brochures. Therefore, it is important to read the entire document to ensure you can find and interpret all the important information.

The following figure is part of the information leaflet inside the packaging of Milbemax™, a worming product for dogs, with key sections highlighted.

1. Variations of the product, including a brief description of the differences in contents and quantities.
2. The product purpose lists all parasites targeted by this product, including their scientific names. Scientific names are usually two words and always written in italics.
3. Instructions for use in terms of application requirements (species, age and weight), how to administer the product and how frequently to administer it for different forms of treatment.
4. Instructions relating to appropriate dosage, in terms of quantity of the product per bodyweight of the animal and the recommended minimum ratio of active ingredient to body weight. It is important to be comfortable with scientific units and various measurements to correctly interpret these types of instructions.
5. Safety precautions outline any issues related to misuse of the product. First aid information is usually present as well (not shown on this excerpt). More detailed product safety information will be found in the SDS.
6. Additional information includes search information about the efficacy of the product and any known side effects, as well as descriptions of symptoms of worm infestations.

Interpreting animal care service information involves understanding the various services offered by an animal care facility, their purpose, and how they meet the needs of both the animals and the owners.

Types of Animal Care Service information

Recall that an animal care service is work done with or for an animal by someone who is not the owner. When finding out information about an animal care service, the types of details clients or your team members are likely to require include:

• purpose, including intended species and life stage
• why it is required
• what is included in the service
• recommended price
• time required to provide
• availability
• associated safety precautions.

 

The specific information required will depend on the service and the needs of the client or team member.

Boarding and day care facilities

Different boarding facilities offer different services. Information you may be required to source about boarding facilities includes but is not limited to:

• maximum and minimum length of stay (in hours or days)
• specified drop-off and pick-up times
• price per hour or day, any price deals (for example, 10 weeks of day care for the price of 9)
• whether food/treats are included in the price
• options for additional services, such as grooming or training.

Grooming services

All animals need and often enjoy some level of grooming. While grooming helps an animal look nice, regular grooming also has several health benefits, including:

• preventing fur from matting, which can be painful and cause various skin conditions
• preventing overgrown nails and claws, which cause pain, toe and foot pad infections and difficulty with walking
• removal of grass seeds, which can cause discomfort and infections
• early detection of skin conditions and external parasites, such as ticks, mites and fleas.

Some common questions regarding grooming services include, but are not limited to:

• How often does the animal need to be groomed?
• What specific grooming tasks are recommended or required for the individual?
• Is professional grooming needed, or can the owner do it?

Training services

The government regulates some types of animal training. For example, in Victoria, under the Domestic Animals Act 1994, it is illegal to attack-train a dog unless the owner is a registered and licenced security guard.

General obedience and behavioural training, however, is readily available for cats and dogs (and other animals). Some common information requirements regarding animal training services include, but are not limited to:

• the level of experience and/or qualification the trainer holds
• the level of involvement of the owner in the process
• the behaviours that are targeted by the training
• recommended frequency and number of sessions
• length of each session
• times, availability and location of sessions
• price per session, any price deals (for example, 10 sessions for the price of 9)
• any required equipment.

Veterinary and allied health services

All animals require health care at some stage in their lives. Preventative and maintenance health care helps the animal avoid health issues and should be regularly administered. Allied health services, such as hydrotherapy and physiotherapy, can help treat long-term health issues and improve the animal’s quality of life.

Common questions relating to animal health care services include, but are not limited to:

• How often does the animal require a health check?
• What specific treatment/medication does the animal need?
• What preventative treatments can the owner do at home?
• What changes to the normal routine are needed during a period of recovery?

Outsourced services

Outsourced services are required in addition to the primary service. They are only needed when the primary service cannot provide every aspect. To determine whether an outsourced service is required, you will need to confirm what is included in the original service.

Outsourced services may include services such as:

• additional animal care services
• product delivery or transport
• product installation
• removal of old or broken items
• waste removal.

Is this the right service for you?

Before you provide animal care service information to a client or team member, review the information you have sourced. Is the information relevant, and does it meet the animal care service needs the person is requesting?

After you have provided the service information, ask the client or your team member if the information answers their request. Some of the information may need clarification or the client may require additional information. They may also ask you to confirm the information with the service provider.

Study the following scenario where an animal care attendant reviews information to determine a client’s relevance to needs and makes enquiries to clarify and confirm the service.

To recap, to clarify, confirm or source additional service information, you can:

• contact the service provider directly
• speak to your supervisor or other experienced and knowledgeable team members
• do further research.

Most animal care organisations will keep some form of record of the animals they work with. These records store information about the individual animals and the services and products they may have received. New and relevant information should be added to an animal’s records each time a service or product is provided.

When a team member or client asks you for information, it is important to document what information you provided, but also the source of that information for future reference, should you or others need it.

A client may ask, "Why did we decide that this cat food is best for my senior cat?" You would then refer to the animal record and find that because you documented the information you provided to the client, along with its source, you can quickly verify why that decision was made.  

To use and add information to individual animal records:

1. Identify the individual animal
2. Locate and access the workplace records or information management system
3. Identify the specific individual animal record
4. Cross-check the record with the animal and its (or the owner’s) needs
5. Use the record to provide information to others or update the record as required.

Identify the individual animal

To ensure the best possible care for an individual animal, it is important to identify the animal correctly before:

• providing any care needs
• providing information about the animal to another person
• updating any records about the animal.

Methods of identifying animals include using the animal’s:

• basic anatomical features of species and/or breed
• microchip number
• tags, bands, brands, tattoos or other distinguishing features.

You will likely need to use a combination of methods to identify the animal confidently.

Basic anatomical features

Basic anatomical features are physical characteristics that are common to all normal and healthy members of a particular group. The more specific the group, the more refined the features are.

While working in the animal care industry, through experience, you will learn to identify species and breeds of animals that you come into contact with regularly.

Understanding the basic anatomical features of animals is essential for providing proper care and assessing health. Here’s a general overview of the basic anatomical features common across various animal types you might encounter in an animal care facility:

1. Skeletal System Skeleton: Provides structure, protects vital organs, and facilitates movement. Major components include: Skull: Protects the brain and supports facial structure. Spine: Composed of vertebrae, it protects the spinal cord and provides flexibility. Limbs: Bones in the front (forelimbs) and back (hind limbs) provide support and movement. Joint Structures: Allow for movement and flexibility between bones (e.g., elbows, knees)

2. Muscular System Muscles: Composed of muscle tissue, which enables movement and support. Types include: Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles that move limbs and support posture. Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in organs, controlling functions like digestion. Cardiac Muscles: Specialized involuntary muscles that make up the heart.

3. Respiratory System Nasal Cavity: Filters and warms air before it enters the lungs. Lungs: Main organs of gas exchange; oxygen is absorbed into the bloodstream, and carbon dioxide is expelled. Trachea and Bronchi: Air passages that lead from the throat to the lungs.

4. Circulatory System Heart: Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. Blood Vessels: Include arteries (carry blood away from the heart), veins (return blood to the heart), and capillaries (small vessels where gas exchange occurs).

5. Digestive System Mouth: Entry point for food; includes teeth for chewing and saliva for digestion. Stomach: Breaks down food using acids and enzymes. Intestines: Absorb nutrients (small intestine) and water (large intestine); waste is formed for excretion.

6. Nervous System Brain: Control center for the body, responsible for processing information and coordinating responses. Spinal Cord: Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Nerves: Peripheral nerves extend from the spinal cord to various body parts, facilitating communication.

7. Integumentary System Skin: Protects underlying structures, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information. Fur/Feathers/Scales: Serve as insulation, protection, and, in some cases, aid in camouflage.

8. Urinary System Kidneys: Filter blood to remove waste products and regulate fluid balance. Bladder: Stores urine until excretion. Ureters and Urethra: Transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder and from the bladder out of the body.

9. Reproductive System Male and Female Organs: Structures vary significantly between species but generally include testes (males) and ovaries (females), along with associated reproductive tracts. Breeding Behavior: Varies by species and can include mating rituals and parental care.

Dog

Cat

Duck

Cow

Guinea Pig

Horse

Rabbit

Sheep

 

 

Snake

Species defining characteristics

Most people are confident about telling the difference between the common species of domestic animals. For example, most people can tell the difference between a cat and dog, or between a horse and cow with just a quick glance, without really knowing why. However, some key anatomical differences between similar mammal species include:

• cats have retractable claws, while dogs don’t
• mice (30-45 g) are considerably smaller than rats (230-450 g)
• horse and donkey hooves are a single structure, while cows, sheep and goats have cloven hooves (two parts to the hoof)
• horses grow long hair on their mane and tail, while donkey hair is naturally much shorter
• sheep have a philtrum (split upper lip) and grow wool instead of hair; goats have a single upper lip and grow hair.

All species of animal have at least one anatomical feature that sets them apart from all other species. These features are often called defining characteristics. For example:

• bird species are usually identified by their size, beak shape and the colour and patterns of their feathers
• frog species are sometimes identified by their size, back, belly and inner thigh colours and patterns
• snake species are usually identified by the number of scales around their mid-section, the shape of scales on its head, and the shape and type of teeth (Department of Environment and Science 2022).

Breed defining characteristics

Selective breeding of domestic animals over many generations has created various forms of the same animal. These forms are called breeds. Different breeds have features that distinguish them from the other breeds of the same species.

For example, Australian Cattle Dogs are 43-50 cm tall with short, smooth, double-layered coats (American Kennel Club n.d.a). In comparison, Scottish Terriers are only around 25 cm tall with medium-length, wiry, double-layered coats (American Kennel Club n.d.b).

Australian Cattle Dog

Scottish Terrier

As your experience working with animals grows, so too will your skill in identifying different breeds of animals. Until then, if you are not confident, confirm with your supervisor or other experienced staff members that you have correctly identified the breed.

Microchipping

Microchipping an animal means inserting a tiny microchip (about the size of a grain of rice) under the skin of an animal, usually at the back of the neck, between the shoulder blades. Each microchip has its own unique number, which is recorded in a database and linked with details about the animal and the owner’s contact details (RSPCA n.d.).

Scanning the microchip will automatically retrieve the relevant information from the database and is an excellent method of identifying an individual animal. Scanning a microchip can confirm the animal’s identity before providing a specific treatment or service as well as identifying lost animals and the information needed to contact the owner.

The RSPCA recommends that all companion animals are microchipped. Currently, compulsory microchipping legislation is in place for cats and dogs in the ACT, NSW, QLD, VIC and WA. The legislation only covers microchipping dogs in Tasmania (RSPCA n.d.).

Visual identification

Other methods of identifying an individual animal include other visual points of identification. For example, details about specific markings or tattoos could be recorded on the animal’s file.

Leg bands

While many birds are large enough to carry a microchip, leg bands are a common method of identifying individuals, especially in wild populations. A leg band is a small ring with a number printed on it, which wraps around the bird’s ankle.

Ear tags

Ear tags are still the most common way to identify individual livestock animals, such as cattle, sheep and goats. The coloured and numbered tags are inserted into one or both ears of the animal and help identify the owner as well as the individual animal.

Brands

Brands are marks made on the skin of an animal using either a hot or a cold brand (a piece of metal in a specific shape used to represent the owner of the animal).

Hot branding uses a heat brand, which burns the hair and leaves a permanent scar on the skin. Freeze branding uses a brand cooled with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, which damages the pigment cells and causes the hair to grow back white.

Locate and cross-check the specific individual animal record

The type of individual animal records and the information they contain will depend on your workplace. You will first need to establish where the records are kept and whether the animal you are working with has an existing record.

Make sure you have access to the records, whether they are physical copies or if you need login details to access digital records and databases.

Animal identification databases

There are several animal identification databases, often specific to an industry or classification of animal. For example, companion animal microchipping databases and the National Livestock Identification System (NLIS).

Microchip databases

All microchip manufacturers provide a database for the companion animals that use their microchips. There are several microchip databases used in Australia. Scanning the animal’s microchip will typically tell you which database the information is in if the details are not immediately accessible by simply scanning the microchip.

National Livestock Identification System

The NLIS is an Australian database that identifies cattle, sheep and goats. It uses a combination of visible and electronic ear tags to identify individual animals. The physical location of each animal is recorded using specific Property Identification Codes. The database houses all individual animal information, including vaccinations and preventative health treatments, ownership, physical location and sales histories (Integrity Systems n.d.).

Workplace records

Cage cards

Cage cards are very basic records. They typically contain the following animal information:

• name
• microchip number
• owner details
• species and breed
• age
• colour
• sex
• whether the animal is entire or desexed
• weight
• check-in date.

Depending on the animal care facility, the cage card may also contain the:

• feeding plan
• services required
• vaccination history
• preventative health treatment due dates
• medication and supplement requirements
• behavioural and general health observations.

The following is an example of a cage card for Watermelon, the Guinea pig.

ABC All Animal Boarding
Animal name:Watermelon Microchip: 1234567891011120		Owner name: Truss Owner number: 0400 800 800		Species: Cavy (guinea pig) Breed: Satin Age: 1 year Colour: Golden		Sex: Female Desexed: No Weight: 470 g
Stay		Feeding		Services
Date in: 18/12/2022 Date out: 01/02/2023		Product: Fresh vegetables (named container in the fridge) Amount: 1/2 cup per meal Frequency/timing: Morning and evening		Hydrobath - flea/tick: Hydrobath - medicated: Hand bath:		Clip (details): Nail clip: Yes
Vaccinations		Preventative health		Medication / supplements
Due date: n/a Type:		Product:n/a Due date:		Product: Vitamin C powder Dose: 1/2 scoop daily Timing: Evening, on food
Notes:
Date	Eat	Drink	Urine	Faeces	Medication	Notes:
18/12/2022 am	✔ all	✔	✔	✔
18/12/2022 pm	✔ half	✔	✔	✔	Vitamin C powder
19/12/2022 am	✘ none	✔	✔	✔ Runny		Lethargic

Medical histories

In addition to the basic information kept on a cage card, veterinary clinics keep detailed medical patient histories, including information about preventative and health maintenance treatments, any first aid incidents or other medical treatments. It is critical to keep these records up-to-date and accurate to ensure the best care for the animal. Good file notes will be detailed while being clear, concise and use accurate industry terminology.

Other records

For other services, the records may be very brief. For example, a groomer may simply keep the animal and owner details and the date and type of last service.

Cross-check the record with the animal

Once you have identified the animal and the record, cross-check:

• your identification of the animal with the record details
• any database information against existing workplace records
• the owner’s contact details.

Make sure all the information is accurate and consistent. If there are inconsistencies, check with your supervisor to identify the correct information. You may need to update the record.

Provide individual animal information to others

When providing individual animal information to a team member or client, make sure you provide information that is accurate and consistent with the animal record. Only provide the information that is required and that you are qualified to provide. For example, at this level of qualification, you are not to provide diagnosis or treatment information, even if it is in the animal’s record. That type of information is for the qualified vet to provide.

Only share information that may be considered private, such as owner contact information and microchip number, when absolutely necessary for your workplace requirements. For example, you must not provide client information to another client. However, you may share an animal record and its associated client information with another animal care facility with the client’s consent.

Update the record

All records should be kept up to dateup-to-date and accurate. As with documenting the sources of information, it is best to do this as soon as possible, before you forget the details.

Ensure the information you add to the record is easily understood - use plain English and appropriate industry terminology to document new information. For example, ‘canine’ rather than ‘dog’.

Firstly, the record should identify the animal and owner details clearly. When you enter information about an animal, gather all the relevant details. This will help your workplace determine what the animal in your care requires and helps ensure the best possible care. Consistently update the record each time the animal comes to your organisation.

Some examples of types of information that may need to be updated include, but are not limited to:

• any medication and the frequency of required doses
• preventative health products, including date of last treatment
• type and date grooming
• any communication with the owner, especially if they asked for or if you provided them with information.

If relevant, you may need to set up an alert for the owner to remind them when the next service or treatment is required.

Review the following scenario to gain some insight into what information is typically entered on an animal identification record, including cross-checking and one type of update that you may need to make while working in the animal care industry.