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Some of the images in this module were provided courtesy of Germinate Aotearoa. UP Education uses these materials me te mihi (with gratitude).
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Main module image:
Cornu aspersum. (2023, June 6). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_aspersum [Accessed 11 July 2023]
Pests, Diseases, Weeds and Wildlife
Govt.nz. (2023). Manawatū-Whanganui Climate Change Action Plan 2023. [online] Available at: https://www.whanganui.govt.nz/Your-Council/Projects-and-Initiatives/Initiatives/Climate-Change/Resources/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui-Climate-Change-Action-Plan-2023 [Accessed 20 Jun. 2023].
Malcolm, T. (2022). Is poisoning pests the Māori way? The Spinoff. https://thespinoff.co.nz/atea/14-03-2022/is-poisoning-pests-the-maori-way
image: Judi Lapsley Miller, CC BY 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons Available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Kawakawa.jpg. Accessed on 20 June 2023.
image: Gardenia.net ed., (n.d.). Available at: https://www.gardenia.net/storage/app/public/uploads/images/detail/jc64YvL2l8KTsMRtxf6dWfNclUr4rZswhGrWzAe9.webp [Accessed 20 Jun. 2023].
image: Budget101 ed., (n.d.). Mound Garden. Available at: https://www.budget101.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/b101-mound-garden.jpg [Accessed 20 Jun. 2023].
Asselin, O. (2014). The permaculture orchard: Beyond organic. Possible Media.
Wassilieff, M. (n.d.). Story: Gardens: 1. Māori Gardens. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/gardens/page-1
Tame Malcolm: Using indigenous methods to fight pests. (2021, June 12). RNZ from https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/2018799442/tame-malcolm-using-indigenous-methods-to-fight-pests
Wilmshurst, J. (n.d.). Story: Human effects on the environment: 1. Early human impact. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved May 3, 2023, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/human-effects-on-the-environment/page-1
Royal, C., & Kaka-Scott, J. (n.d.). Story: Māori foods – kai Māori - Page 1. Traditional growing and gathering. Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-foods-kai-maori/page-1
Asselin, O. (2014). The permaculture orchard: Beyond organic. Possible Media.
Don, M. (2021). The complete gardener. Dorling Kindersley Limited.
Insects
image: Bradford Haami, 'Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/te-aitanga-pepeke-the-insect-world (accessed 21 June 2023)
Haami, B. (n.d.). Te aitanga pepeke – the insect world - What is te aitanga pepeke? Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://teara.govt.nz/en/te-aitanga-pepeke-the-insect-world/page-1
image: University Of Nebraska–Lincoln ed., (n.d.). Basic Insect Morphology. Available at: https://entomology.unl.edu/scilit/basic-insect-morphology [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
Wallace. (2013). Animal life cycles and classification. Study Room. http://studyroom.sg/insect-life-cycle/
image: Ecoguard Pest Management ed., (n.d.). termite queen. Available at: https://www.ecoguardpestmanagement.com/pest-resources/termite-queen [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropetala_carovei used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; [Accessed 21 June 2023]
Diagram: Studyroom ed., (n.d.). Insect life cycle. Available at: http://studyroom.sg/insect-life-cycle/ [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
image: Claudio Gratton, University of Wisconsin, Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons. Available at https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5882415 [Accessed 21 June 2023]
Wikipedia contributors. (2022a, August 31). Aphididae. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphididae&oldid=1107692391
Pieris rapae. (n.d.). Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pieris_rapae/
Wikipedia contributors. (2023c, April 7). Pieris rapae. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pieris_rapae&oldid=1148586441. Additional citations within: Bartlett, 2004; Capinera, 2014
image: Woodmore, L. (n.d.). white cabbage egg on leaf. Available at: https://www.australiancritters.com/species/garden/insects/insect-eggs-and-nests/cabbage-white-butterfly-pieris-rapae-eggs-38820003-.jpg.html [Accessed 29 Jun. 2023].
image: Pieris rapae. (2023, May 31). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieris_rapae. Attribution, via Wikimedia Commons [Accessed 29 Jun. 2023].
Carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius), life cycle. (n.d.). Available at http://digitallibrary.landcareresearch.co.nz/digital/collection/p20022coll21/id/30. [Accessed May 2, 2023]
Wikipedia contributors. (October 13 2022). Carrot fly. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrot_fly&oldid=1115812783. [Accessed 22 June 2023]
image: Dr Rosemary Collier, Warwick HRI (GB) Larva of C. rosae (carrot fly). Available at https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PSILRO/photos. [Accessed on 21 June 2023]
image: Dr Rosemary Collier, Warwick HRI (GB) Adult of C. rosae (carrot fly). Available at https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PSILRO/photos. [Accessed on 21 June 2023]
image: Dr Rosemary Collier, Warwick HRI (GB). Damage on carrots caused by C. rosae (carrot fly). Available at https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PSILRO/photos. [Accessed on 21 June 2023]
image: HortResearch (n.d.). Guava moth 01. Available at: https://www.nrc.govt.nz/environment/weed-and-pest-control/pest-control-hub/?pwsystem=true&pwid=114 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
image: HortResearch (n.d.). Guava moth 02. Available at: https://www.nrc.govt.nz/environment/weed-and-pest-control/pest-control-hub/?pwsystem=true&pwid=114 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
Understanding the guava moth pest. (2016). Rural Delivery. https://www.ruraldelivery.net.nz/posts/Understanding-the-Guava-Moth-Pest
Caterpillar of the guava moth ( Coscinoptycha improbana). (n.d.). CitSciHub. Available at https://www.citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Caterpillar_of_the_Guava_moth_%28_Coscinoptycha_improbana%29 [Accessed May 3, 2023]
Observations [of Coscinoptycha improbana in New Zealand]. (n.d.). iNaturalist NZ. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://inaturalist.nz/observations?locale=en&place_id=6803&preferred_place_id=6803&subview=map&taxon_id=380078
Herbison-Evans, D., & Crossley, S. (2018). Coscinoptycha improbana Meyrick, 1881. Coffs Harbour Butterfly House Maze & Team Rooms. http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/carp/improbana.html
image: USDA Agricultural Research Service, 1958. Available at https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5119053# [accessed on 21 June 2023]
image: https://laidbackgardener.blog/ ed., (n.d.). mealybug infestation shown in pot. Available at: https://i0.wp.com/laidbackgardener.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/20170210b1.jpg?w=460&ssl=1 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2023].
Govt.nz. (2020). Rats. [online] Available at: https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/pests-and-threats/animal-pests/rats/.
Plant Microorganisms
image: Zareen Khan, Grant Guelich, Ha Phan, Regina Redman, Sharon Doty (n.d.). Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Five-week-old-perennial-rye-grass-G3-responding-to-water-stress.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023]
Stevens, 1960 included in Francl, L. J. (2001). The disease triangle: A plant pathological paradigm revisited.
image: By Onco p53 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=71822576. Kauri dieback. (2023, May 4). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauri_dieback. [Accessed 22 June 2023.]
Plant doctor ed., (n.d.). Myrtle Rust. Available at: https://plantdoctor.co.nz/problem-finder/myrtle-rust/ [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023].
image: MPI (n.d.). Myrtle Rust. Available at: https://www.myrtlerust.org.nz/assets/Uploads/MR950-Metrosideros-Bay-of-Plenty-2.JPG [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023].
image: DieterO, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Gurkenmosaikvirus.JPG. [accessed on 22 June 2023]
Thomson, A. D. (1976). Virus diseases of Solanum laciniatum Ait. in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 19(4), 521–527.
Francl, L. J. (2001). The disease triangle: A plant pathological paradigm revisited. https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/foreducators/TeachingNotes/Pages/DiseaseTriangle.aspx
Thomson, A. D. (1976). Virus diseases of Solanum laciniatum Ait. in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 19(4), 521–527. Understanding the guava moth pest. (2016). Rural Delivery. https://www.ruraldelivery.net.nz/posts/Understanding-the-Guava-Moth-Pest
image: Velum Prime (n.d.). Nematodes on carrots. Available at: file:///C:/Users/97428/Downloads/Velum_Prime_Userguide.pdf [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023].
image: Kodwaran, T. (n.d.). Late blight of Irish potato. Available at: https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/10.1079/PWKB.20167801445 [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023].
Blight. (2022, March 22). In Wikipedia. https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blight [Accessed 24 June 2023]
Phytophthora infestans. (2023, May 24). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_infestans [Accessed 24 June]
May 26, F. | H. 2217 | U. and Download, 2021 | P. | (n.d.). Tomato Diseases & Disorders. [online] Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina. Available at: https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/tomato-diseases-disorders/#:~:text=Early%20Blight&text=This%20disease%20is%20caused%20by [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023]. [Accessed on 24 June 2023]
image: ephytia ed., (2021). Marginal leaf spot. Available at: http://ephytia.inra.fr/en/C/5454/Salads-Pseudomonas-marginalis-pv-marginalis-Marginal-leaf-spot [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023]. Within: (Brown 1918) Stevens 1925.
image and text: Fire blight on apple tree (n.d.). k10805-2 : USDA ARS. [online] Available at: https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/images/photos/mar07/k10805-2/ [Accessed 22 June 2023].
www.daltons.co.nz. (n.d.). Black Spot | Growing Guides | Daltons. [online] Available at: https://www.daltons.co.nz/gardening-guides/black-spot [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023].
Anon, (2020). Garden Pests and Diseases | Grosafe. [online] Available at: https://www.grosafe.co.nz/garden-pests-diseases-n-z. [Accessed 22 Jun. 2023].
image: King Seeds ed., (n.d.). Citrus Verrucosis. Available at: https://www.kings.co.nz/advice-and-articles/citrus-verrucosis [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023].
Rust (fungus). (2023, May 13). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(fungus). [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023]
Kings Plant Doctor. (2016). How to get rid of Verrucosis. [online] Available at: https://plantdoctor.co.nz/problem-finder/verrucosis. [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023]
www.rhs.org.uk. (n.d.). Rust diseases. [online] Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/disease/rust-diseases. [Accessed 23 Jun. 2023]
Other Plants
image: Gemplers ed., (n.d.). Sideswipe® Spot Herbicide Applicator. Available at: https://gemplers.com/products/sideswipe-spot-herbicide-applicator [Accessed 30 Jun. 2023].
image: Goodgrow UK ed., (n.d.). salt-weed-killer.jpg. How-long-does-salt-take-to-kill-weeds. Available at: https://goodgrow.uk/how-long-does-salt-take-to-kill-weeds/ [Accessed 30 Jun. 2023].
Sophora microphylla. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/sophora-microphylla/
Wikipedia contributors. Ginkgo biloba. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginkgo_biloba&oldid=1147475657
Onehunga weed. (n.d.). Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/colleges-schools-and-institutes/college-of-sciences/our-research/themes-and-research-strengths/plant-science-research/new-zealand-weeds-database/onehunga-weed/
Phoenix palm: Beware the undercover menace in your garden. (2019, February 18). RNZ. https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/afternoons/audio/2018682989/phoenix-palm-beware-the-undercover-menace-in-your-garden
Coriaria arborea var. arborea. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/coriaria-arborea-var-arborea/
Colocasia esculenta. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/colocasia-esculenta/
Corynocarpus laevigatus. (n.d.). New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved April 19, 2023, from https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/species/corynocarpus-laevigatus/
Wikipedia contributors. (2023d, April 17). Rhubarb. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhubarb&oldid=1150229753. [Accessed 11 July 2023]
Tekura School ed., (n.d.). Cultural Control Diagram. Available behind a paywall at: https://horticulture.tekura.school.nz/plant-management-3/ht1103-plant-management-3-study-plan/cultural-control/ [Accessed 2 Aug. 2023]. With gratitude for the diagram, it has been redrawn by Up Education.
Image: Homeopathy School ed., (n.d.). Kauri Tree. Available at: https://www.homeopathyschool.com/the-school/provings/kauri-tree/ [Accessed 3 Aug. 2023]
Image: Photo 5084024, (c) Andreas Rockstein, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA). Available at: https://www.inaturalist.org/photos/5084024 [Accessed 03 August 2023]
Image: Photo 1215926, (c) bbi2, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by bbi2. Available at: https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/63371-Rumex-obtusifolius. [Accessed 03 August 2023]
Image: Mingimingi - Photo (c) bbi2, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC), uploaded by bbi2CC. Available at: https://inaturalist.nz/photos/1215926. [Accessed 03 August 2023]
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
New Zealand Birds (2014). New Zealand Birds | Birds | Gallery | Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. [online] Nzbirds.com. Available at: https://www.nzbirds.com/birds/starlings.html.
image: Manaaki Whenua. (n.d.). What is this bug? [online] Available at: https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/what-is-this-bug/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
Wills, T. (2022, November 13). State of matter Life observed by Tony Wills. iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141853327 [Cooper comments]
biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz. (n.d.). Biota of NZ. [online] Available at: https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
www.rhs.org.uk. (n.d.). Broad bean chocolate spot / RHS Gardening. [online] Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/disease/broad-bean-chocolate-spot.
image: Doyle, M. (n.d.). Sooty mold. Available at: https://www.marcdoyletreework.co.nz/blog/post/82995/common-garden-diseases-in-new-zealand [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
Hess, A. (2012). The naturally bug-free garden: Controlling pest insects without chemicals. Skyhorse Publishing.
image: ThisNZLife ed., (n.d.). woman holding diseased leaf. Available at: https://thisnzlife.co.nz/3-ways-to-use-kawakawa-plus-how-to-find-kawakawa-in-the-wild/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
Fox, W. (2021, September 5). Kawakawa, the “holey” herb of Aotearoa. EcoLincNZ. https://lincolnecology.org.nz/2021/09/06/kawakawa-the-holey-herb-of-aotearoa/
images: ThisNZLife ed., (n.d.). completed bug hotel. Available at: https://thisnzlife.co.nz/diy-project-build-a-bug-hotel-to-attract-beneficial-insects/ [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
image: Forest and Bird ed., (n.d.). Tauhou feasting on an orange. Available at: https://www.kohab.nz/kohablife/how-to-choose-a-birdhouse-for-nz-birds?gclid=CjwKCAjwl6OiBhA2EiwAuUwWZdPCcBnO-tMLYJi3Fw-DdVQ362wacInlth3ZPr6RWK6Sn6aVGA0PzBoCvQwQAvD_BwE [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
Van Zwieten, M., Stovold, G., & Van Zwieten, L. (2007). Alternatives to copper for disease control in the Australian organic industry. Australian Government, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
Pest and disease control in fruit. (n.d.). Harrisons. Retrieved April 27, 2023, from https://www.harrisons.co.nz/garden-info/garden-care/pest-and-disease-control-in-fruit/
image: Wikimedia Commons available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Chamaepsila.sp.1.jpg. Sarefo, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons [Accessed on 03 July 2023].
image: Hodgson, L. (n.d.). root mealybugs on a plant root. Available at: https://i0.wp.com/laidbackgardener.blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/20170210a.jpg?w=800&ssl=1 [Accessed 3 Jul. 2023].
image: Stratiolaelaps scimitus. (2023, June 17). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratiolaelaps_scimitus
www.rhs.org.uk. (n.d.). Rust diseases. [online] Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/disease/rust-diseases. [Accessed on 03 July 2023]
Carrot rust fly (2019) Kings Plant Doctor. Available at: https://plantdoctor.co.nz/problem-finder/carrot-rust-fly/ (Accessed: 4 May 2023).
RNZIH - Plant Doctor - Carrot rust fly (no date). Available at: https://www.rnzih.org.nz/Plant_Doctor/WG179_Carrot_rust_fly.htm (Accessed: 4 May 2023).
Gardening without insecticides (no date) Consumer NZ. Available at: https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/gardening-without-insecticides (Accessed: 4 May 2023).
Maloy, A. (2009) The New Zealand Plant Doctor: Answers to your gardening problems. Auckland, NZ: New Holland Publishers (NZ) Limited.
RNZIH - Plant Doctor - Carrots being attacked (no date). Available at: https://www.rnzih.org.nz/Plant_Doctor/WG198_Carrots_being_attacked.htm (Accessed: 4 May 2023).
RNZIH - Plant Doctor - Mealybug (no date). Available at: https://www.rnzih.org.nz/Plant_Doctor/WG086_Mealybug.htm (Accessed: 4 May 2023).
Nematode management guidelines (no date) University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Available at: https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7489.html (Accessed: 5 May 2023).
www.kingsseeds.co.nz. (n.d.). Amazing Marigolds. [online] Available at: https://www.kingsseeds.co.nz/Kings+Seeds+Blog/x_post/amazing-marigolds-00061.html [Accessed 11 Jul. 2023].
Little, E.L., Martinez, A. and Brannen, P.M. (2023) Chemical nematicides for control of plant-parasitic nematodes in Georgia vegetable crops. Available at: https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B1502 (Accessed: 5 May 2023).
Sarefo, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons. Available at https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Chamaepsila.sp.1.jpg. [Accessed 11 July 2023]
Rust diseases (no date) RHS Gardening. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/disease/rust-diseases (Accessed: 5 May 2023).
farmerpam, A. (2019). Solarization and crop choices to fight nematodes. [online] Sustainable Market Farming. Available at: https://www.sustainablemarketfarming.com/2019/08/14/solarization-and-crop-choices-to-fight-nematodes [Accessed 11 Jul. 2023].
Plant Disorders
Nutrient deficiencies (no date) RHS Gardening. Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/nutrient-deficiencies [Accessed: 6 May 2023].
Wikipedia. (2023). Leaf scorch. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_scorch [Accessed 5 Jul. 2023].
image: Leimone Waite Master Gardener, L. (n.d.). Water Stress image. Available at: https://www.redding.com/story/life/2020/08/14/how-tell-if-your-plants-water-stressed-out/3340772001/ [Accessed 5 Jul. 2023].
Arboriculture Australia. (2020). MIS308: Tree pruning: Industry guidance on tree pruning considerations, operations and techniques. Arboriculture Australia.
www.rhs.org.uk. (n.d.). Frost damage. [online] Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/frost-damage. [Accessed 11 July 2023]
www.rhs.org.uk. (n.d.). Oedema / RHS Gardening. [online] Available at: https://www.rhs.org.uk/problems/oedema. [Accessed 11 July 2023]
